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class

Classes in Soul are defined using the sanctuary keyword and provide object-oriented programming capabilities. They encapsulate data and behavior, support inheritance, and can be extended with traits.

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Basic Class Definition

Classes are declared with the sanctuary keyword: 
sanctuary User {
    soul __genesis__(name, email) {
        this.name = name
        this.email = email
        this.isActive = true
    }
    
    soul getInfo() {
        return this.name + " (" + this.email + ")"
    }
    
    soul activate() {
        this.isActive = true
    }
    
    soul deactivate() {
        this.isActive = false
    }
}

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Creating Class Instances

Instances are created using the .new() method: 
user = User.new("Alice", "alice@example.com")
println(user.getInfo())  // "Alice (alice@example.com)"

user.deactivate()
println(user.isActive)   // false

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Constructor Method

The __genesis__ method is the constructor and is called when creating new instances: 
sanctuary Vehicle {
    soul __genesis__(make, model, year) {
        this.make = make
        this.model = model
        this.year = year
        this.mileage = 0
    }
    
    soul drive(miles) {
        this.mileage += miles
        return "Drove " + miles + " miles"
    }
}

car = Vehicle.new("Toyota", "Camry", 2023)
println(car.drive(100))  // "Drove 100 miles"

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Class Inheritance

Classes can inherit from other classes using extends: 
sanctuary Animal {
    soul __genesis__(name, species) {
        this.name = name
        this.species = species
    }
    
    soul speak() {
        return this.name + " makes a sound"
    }
}

sanctuary Dog extends Animal {
    soul __genesis__(name, breed) {
        super.__genesis__(name, "Dog")
        this.breed = breed
    }
    
    soul speak() {
        return this.name + " barks"
    }
    
    soul wagTail() {
        return this.name + " wags tail"
    }
}

dog = Dog.new("Buddy", "Golden Retriever")
println(dog.speak())     // "Buddy barks"
println(dog.wagTail())   // "Buddy wags tail"

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Using Super

The super keyword calls methods from the parent class: 
sanctuary Employee extends User {
    soul __genesis__(name, email, department) {
        super.__genesis__(name, email)  // Call parent constructor
        this.department = department
        this.salary = 0
    }
    
    soul getInfo() {
        baseInfo = super.getInfo()    // Call parent method
        return baseInfo + " - " + this.department
    }
    
    soul setSalary(amount) {
        this.salary = amount
    }
}

employee = Employee.new("Bob", "bob@company.com", "Engineering")
println(employee.getInfo())  // "Bob (bob@company.com) - Engineering"

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Static Methods

Classes can have static methods that belong to the class rather than instances: 
sanctuary MathUtils {
    static soul add(a, b) {
        return a + b
    }
    
    static soul multiply(a, b) {
        return a * b
    }
    
    static soul factorial(n) {
        if (n <= 1) return 1
        return n * MathUtils.factorial(n - 1)
    }
}

result = MathUtils.add(5, 3)        // 8
result = MathUtils.multiply(4, 6)   // 24
result = MathUtils.factorial(5)     // 120

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Class with Traits

Classes can use traits for code reuse: 
oasis Timestamped {
    soul setCreatedAt() {
        this.createdAt = new Date()
    }
    
    soul setUpdatedAt() {
        this.updatedAt = new Date()
    }
}

sanctuary Document uses Timestamped {
    soul __genesis__(title, content) {
        this.title = title
        this.content = content
        this.setCreatedAt()
    }
    
    soul update(newContent) {
        this.content = newContent
        this.setUpdatedAt()
    }
}

doc = Document.new("My Document", "Initial content")
doc.update("Updated content")

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Private-like Methods

While Soul doesn’t have true private methods, you can use naming conventions: 
sanctuary BankAccount {
    soul __genesis__(accountNumber, initialBalance) {
        this.accountNumber = accountNumber
        this.balance = initialBalance
    }
    
    // Public method
    soul deposit(amount) {
        if (this._validateAmount(amount)) {
            this.balance += amount
            return true
        }
        return false
    }
    
    // "Private" method (by convention)
    soul _validateAmount(amount) {
        return amount > 0 && amount <= 10000
    }
    
    soul getBalance() {
        return this.balance
    }
}

account = BankAccount.new("123456", 1000)
account.deposit(500)  // Public method
// account._validateAmount(100)  // Should not be called externally

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Class Properties

Properties can be accessed and modified directly: 
sanctuary Rectangle {
    soul __genesis__(width, height) {
        this.width = width
        this.height = height
    }
    
    soul getArea() {
        return this.width * this.height
    }
    
    soul getPerimeter() {
        return 2 * (this.width + this.height)
    }
}

rect = Rectangle.new(5, 3)
println(rect.width)         // 5
println(rect.getArea())     // 15

rect.width = 8              // Modify property
println(rect.getArea())     // 24

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Class Methods Calling Other Methods

Methods can call other methods within the same class: 
sanctuary Calculator {
    soul add(a, b) {
        return a + b
    }
    
    soul subtract(a, b) {
        return a - b
    }
    
    soul addThenSubtract(a, b, c) {
        sum = this.add(a, b)
        return this.subtract(sum, c)
    }
}

calc = Calculator.new()
result = calc.addThenSubtract(10, 5, 3)  // (10 + 5) - 3 = 12

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Best Practices

  1. Use meaningful class names: UserManager instead of Manager
  2. Initialize all properties: Set initial values in __genesis__
  3. Use super appropriately: Call parent methods when extending classes
  4. Keep methods focused: Each method should have a single responsibility
// Good class design
sanctuary Product {
    soul __genesis__(name, price, category) {
        this.name = name
        this.price = price
        this.category = category
        this.isAvailable = true
    }
    
    soul applyDiscount(percentage) {
        if (percentage > 0 && percentage <= 100) {
            this.price = this.price * (1 - percentage / 100)
            return true
        }
        return false
    }
    
    soul isAffordable(budget) {
        return this.price <= budget
    }
}
Classes provide a powerful way to organize and structure your Soul applications using object-oriented principles.
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