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Lists

Lists are ordered collections that can hold values of any type. They’re similar to arrays in other languages.

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Creating Lists

// Empty list
empty = []

// List with values
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed = [1, "hello", true, null, [1, 2]]

// Lists can span multiple lines
users = [
    "Alice",
    "Bob", 
    "Charlie"
]

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Accessing Elements

Lists use zero-based indexing: 
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange"]

first = fruits[0]    // "apple"
last = fruits[2]     // "orange"

// Negative indices count from the end
lastItem = fruits[-1]    // "orange"
secondLast = fruits[-2]  // "banana"

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List Methods

list = [1, 2, 3]

// Add elements
list.push(4)           // Adds to end: [1, 2, 3, 4]
list.unshift(0)        // Adds to beginning: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

// Remove elements  
last = list.pop()      // Removes & returns last: 4
first = list.shift()   // Removes & returns first: 0

// Get information
length = list.length() // 3
isEmpty = list.isEmpty() // false

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List Iteration

items = ["a", "b", "c"]

// For-in loop
for (item in items) {
    print(item)
}

// With index
for (i in 0..items.length()-1) {
    print(i + ": " + items[i])
}

// forEach method
items.forEach(soul(item, index) {
    print(index + ": " + item)
})

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Maps

Maps are unordered collections of key-value pairs, similar to dictionaries or objects.

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Creating Maps

// Empty map
empty = {}

// Map with values
person = {
    "name": "Alice",
    "age": 30,
    "active": true
}

// Nested maps
config = {
    "database": {
        "host": "localhost",
        "port": 5432
    },
    "cache": {
        "enabled": true,
        "ttl": 3600
    }
}

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Accessing Values

user = {
    "name": "Bob",
    "email": "bob@example.com",
    "age": 25
}

// Bracket notation
name = user["name"]

// Dot notation  
email = user.email

// Nested access
db = config.database.host
// or
db = config["database"]["host"]

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Map Methods

data = {"a": 1, "b": 2}

// Get all keys and values
keys = data.keys()      // ["a", "b"]
values = data.values()  // [1, 2]

// Check existence
hasKey = data.has("a")  // true

// Add/update values
data["c"] = 3
data.d = 4

// Remove values
removed = data.remove("a")  // Returns removed value

// Get with default
value = data.get("missing", "default")  // "default"

// Merge maps
merged = data.merge({"e": 5, "f": 6})

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Map Iteration

scores = {
    "Alice": 95,
    "Bob": 87,
    "Charlie": 92
}

// Iterate over keys
for (name in scores) {
    print(name + ": " + scores[name])
}

// Iterate over key-value pairs
for (name, score in scores) {
    print(name + " scored " + score)
}

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Advanced Patterns

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Destructuring

// List destructuring
coordinates = [10, 20]
[x, y] = coordinates

// Map destructuring in loops
users = [
    {"name": "Alice", "age": 30},
    {"name": "Bob", "age": 25}
]

for (user in users) {
    print(user.name + " is " + user.age)
}

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Spread Operations

// Combining lists
list1 = [1, 2, 3]
list2 = [4, 5, 6]
combined = [...list1, ...list2]  // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

// Copying lists
original = [1, 2, 3]
copy = [...original]

// Map spreading
defaults = {"theme": "dark", "lang": "en"}
userPrefs = {"lang": "es"}
settings = {...defaults, ...userPrefs}
// Result: {"theme": "dark", "lang": "es"}

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Collection Utilities

// Sort a list
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5]
sorted = numbers.sort()  // [1, 1, 3, 4, 5]

// Custom sort
people = [
    {"name": "Charlie", "age": 35},
    {"name": "Alice", "age": 30},
    {"name": "Bob", "age": 25}
]

byAge = people.sort(soul(a, b) { return a.age - b.age })

// Reverse a list
reversed = [1, 2, 3].reverse()  // [3, 2, 1]

// Join list elements
words = ["Hello", "Soul", "World"]
sentence = words.join(" ")  // "Hello Soul World"

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Performance Tips

Pre-allocate Size

When you know the size, pre-allocate for better performance:
// Instead of multiple pushes
list = []
list.reserve(1000)  // Pre-allocate

Use Appropriate Type

  • Use Lists for ordered data and indexed access
  • Use Maps for key-value lookups
  • Consider Sets for unique values (if available)
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